[2080] Class 12 Mathematics Model Question Solution, NEB Board Exam

[2080] Class 12 Mathematics Model Question Solution, NEB Board Exam
Sub code: 0081

NEB-XII

Model Question

Mathematics

2079/2023

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks.

Time: 3hrs

Full Marks: 75

Attempt all questions.

Group A

1) What is an arrangement of the n natural numbers called?

A) Induction

B) Permutation

C) Combination

D) Expectation

2) Let 1, w, w 2 be the cube roots of unity. Under which operation is the set A= {1, w, w 2 } closed?

A) Addition

B) Subtraction

C) Multiplication

D) Division

3) What is the domain of sin-1 x ?

A) x≥1 or x ≤-1

B) (-∞,∞)

C) -1<x<1 

D) -1 x 1 4)

4) ABCD is a parallelogram. Which one of the following represents area of the parallelogram?

A) Magnitude of vector product of two vectors along AB and BD.

B) Magnitude of vector product of two vectors along AB and DC.

C) Magnitude of vector product of two vectors along AC and BC.

D) Magnitude of vector product of two vectors along AB and AD.

5) If a conic section has eccentricity(e) =$\frac{{\sqrt {{a^2} - {b^2}} }}{a}$ what is the equation of that conic section?

A) $\frac{{{x^2}}}{{{a^2}}} - \frac{{{y^2}}}{{{b^2}}} = 1$

B )$\frac{{{x^2}}}{{{a^2}}} + \frac{{{y^2}}}{{{b^2}}} = 1$

C) $\frac{{{x^2}}}{{{a^2}}} - \frac{{{y^2}}}{{{a^2}}} = 1$

D) $\frac{{{x^2}}}{{{b^2}}} + \frac{{{y^2}}}{{{b^2}}} = 1$

6) If cosӨ =−$\frac{1}{2}$ for integer (n), what is the general value of Ө ?

A) 2n𝜋 ± $\frac{{2\pi }}{3}$

B) n𝜋 + (−1)n$\frac{\pi }{3}$

C) n𝜋 − $\frac{\pi }{3}$

D) n𝜋 +$\frac{\pi }{3}$

7) Let A and B be two dependent events. If P (A) = $\frac{1}{2}$  , P (B) = $\frac{3}{4}$  and P (A ∩ B) = $\frac{2}{5}$  , what is the value of P(A/B) ?

A) equal to P(B/A)

B) equal to P(A)

C) less than P(A ∩ B)

D) less than P(B/A)

8) The edge of a cube increases from 10 cm to 10.025 cm. What would be the approximate increment in volume?

A) 103 cm3

B) 10.0253 cm3

C) 7.5187 cm3

D) 7.5 cm3

9) What is the integrating factor of the differential equation cos2x $\frac{{dy}}{{dx}}$ + y =1?

A) tan x

B) etanx

C) sec2x

D)esec1x

10) What is the number of solutions of the system of linear equations x + y = 5 and x + y = 7 ?

A) One solution

B) No solution

C) Infinite solutions

D) More than one solution

11) Forces P and Q are acting along ceiling and floor of a rectangular room. What is the nature of the forces?

A) Like

B) Unlike

C) collinear

D) parallel

OR

If ∆yt = yt+1 - yt, then ∆2yt is equal to…

A) yt + 2 - yt +1

B) yt+1 - yt

C)yt+2 - yt+1 + yt

D)yt+2 - 2yt+1 + yt

Group B

12) For any positive integer n, (a+x)n = C0an + C1an-1x + C2an-2x2+……+cnxn.

a) How many terms are there in the expression?

b) Write binomial coefficient in the expansions?

c) Write the general term of the expansion.

d) Write the relations among C (n, r-1), C (n+1, r) and C (n, r).

e) What is the value of C0+C1+C2 +…+Cn?

Solution:

(a) There will be (n+1) numbers of terms in the expansion of (a+x)n = C0an + C1an-1x + C2an-2x2+……+cnxn.

(b) The binomial coefficient in the expansion of (a+x)n = C0an + C1an-1x + C2an-2x2+……+cnxn are: C0, C1an-1, C2an-2,……Cn

(c) The general terms of the expansion is nCran-rxr.

(d) The relations among C (n, r-1), C (n+1, r) and C (n, r) is nr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr.

(e) The value of C0+C1+C2 +…+Cn is 2n.

 

13) a) Using the principle of mathematical induction, show that: 1+2+3+…+n < $\frac{1}{8}$(2n+1)2.

b) Find the quadratic equation whose one of the cube roots is 2+$\sqrt 3$

Solution:

Step 1: Let n = 1

P(1): 1<$\frac{1}{8}$[2(1)+1]2 is true.

Hence, the statement is true for n=1

Step 2: Assume that the statement is true for n=k

P (k) : 1 + 2 + 3 + … + k < $\frac{1}{8}$ (2k+1)2

Step 3: Prove that the statement is true for n=k+1

We need to prove that:

1 + 2 + 3 + …. + (k+1) < $\frac{1}{8}$ [(2k+1)2] + k+1

< $\frac{1}{8}$ [4k2+4k+1] + 8 ×$\frac{1}{8}$ × (k+1)

<$\frac{1}{8}$ [4k2+4k+1+8k+8]

<$\frac{1}{8}$ [4k2+12k+9]

<$\frac{1}{8}$ [2k+3]2

<$\frac{1}{8}$[2(k+1)+1]2

(b) For the quadratic equation if one root (α)= 2 +$\sqrt 3$

Another Root (β) = 2 - $\sqrt 3$

Sum of Roots (α+ β) = 2 - $\sqrt 3$ + 2 +$\sqrt 3$ =4

Products of Roots (α × β) = (2 - $\sqrt 3$)(2 + $\sqrt 3$) = 1

Quadratic equation : x2 -(α+ β)x + (α × β) =0

x2−4x+1=0 is required equations.

 

14) a) Given y = sin-1x and y>0, express cos y and tan y in terms of x.

b) If $\overrightarrow a $, $\overrightarrow b $, and $\overrightarrow c $ are any three vectors such that $\overrightarrow a $ × $\overrightarrow b $ = $\overrightarrow a $ × $\overrightarrow c$ for $\overrightarrow a$ (0,0). Show that: $\overrightarrow b $ = $\overrightarrow c $.

 Solution:

(a) Given:

y = sin-1x

or, x = sin y

We have, Cos2y + Sin2y = 1

Or, Cos2y=1- Sin2y

Or, Cos2y = 1-x2

Thus, Cos y = $\sqrt {1 - {x^2}} $

And, $ {\mathop{\rm Tan}\nolimits} y = \frac{{\sin x}}{{\cos x}} = \frac{x}{{\sqrt {1 - {x^2}} }}$

(b) Given:

$\overrightarrow a $ × $\overrightarrow b $ = $\overrightarrow a $ × $\overrightarrow c$

If Cross product is equal then their magnitude is also equal.

|$\overrightarrow a $ × $\overrightarrow b $ | = | $\overrightarrow a $ × $\overrightarrow c$|

Or, |$\overrightarrow a $|  |$\overrightarrow b $| Sinθ = | $\overrightarrow a $| |$\overrightarrow c$| Sinθ

Or, |$\overrightarrow b $ |=|$\overrightarrow c $ |

$\overrightarrow b $ = $\overrightarrow c $

 

15) The price in Rupees (X) and demand in unit (Y) of 6 days of a week is given as:

X

10

12

13

12

16

15

Y

40

38

43

45

37

43

Calculate the Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation and the regression coefficients of X on Y.

 Solution:

x

y

xy

x2

y2

10

40

400

100

1600

12

38

456

144

1444

13

43

559

169

1849

12

45

540

144

2025

16

37

592

256

1369

15

43

645

225

1849

Σx=78

Σy=246

Σxy=3192

Σx2=1038

Σy2=10136

Value of n = 6

$r = \frac{{n\sum {xy - \sum {x\sum y } } }}{{\sqrt {n\sum {{x^2} - (\sum x } {)^2}} .\sqrt {n\sum {{y^2} - {{(\sum y )}^2}} } }}$
$r = \frac{{6 \times 3192 - 78 \times 246}}{{\sqrt {6 \times 1038 - {{(78)}^2}} .\sqrt {6 \times 10136 - {{(246)}^2}} }}$
$r = \frac{{ - 0.36}}{{\sqrt {144} .\sqrt {300} }}$
$r=-1.7132$

Now, Regression Coefficient of x on y is

${b_{xy}} = \frac{{n\sum {xy}  - \sum x \sum y }}{{{{(\sum y )}^2} - n\sum {{y^2}} }}$
${b_{xy}} = \frac{{6 \times 3192 - 78 \times 246}}{{{{246}^2} - 6 \times 10136}}$
${b_{xy}} = \frac{{ - 36}}{{ - 300}}$
$\therefore {b_{xy}} = 0.12$

16) a) Define Hospital’s rule.

b) Write the slope of the tangent and normal to the curve y =f(x) at (x1,y1).

c) Write the integral of $\int {\frac{1}{{{x^2} + {a^2}}}} dx$.

d)What is the integral of $\int {\sinh x.dx}$

Solution:

(a) If f(x) and g(s) are two function then their derivatives f’(x) and g’(x) are continuous at x=0 and if f(a) =g(a), then,

$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to a} \frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to a} \frac{{f'(x)}}{{g'(x)}} = \frac{{f'(a)}}{{g'(a)}}$ When g’(a)0.

(b) The slope of tangant to the curve y=f(x) at (x1,y1) is

$\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = f'(x)$

$ \Rightarrow {\frac{{dy}}{{dx}}_{\left( {{x_1},{y_1}} \right)}} = f'({x_1})$

Then, Slope of normal to y=f(x) at ((x1,y1)) is

F’(x). m = -1

Thus, m=$ - \frac{{dx}}{{dy}}$

(c) $\int {\frac{1}{{{x^2} + {a^2}}}} dx$=$\frac{1}{a}{\tan ^{ - 1}}\frac{x}{a} + C$

(d) $\int {\sinh x.dx}$ = coshx +C

17) a) Solve: $\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = \frac{y}{x}$

b) Verify Rolle’s Theorem for f(x) = x2+3x-4 in [-4,1].

 Solution:

$\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = \frac{y}{x}$

$\frac{{dy}}{y} = \frac{{dx}}{x}$

Integrating both sides:

ln(y) = ln(x) +C

or, ln(y) = ln(x) + ln(C)

Thus, y=xc

(b) f(x) = x2+3x-4 in [-4,1]

(i) Here f(x) is a polynomial function so it is continuous at [-4,1].

(ii) f’(x) = 2x+3

f(x) is differentiable in (-4, 1).

(iii) f(-4) = 0, f(1) = 0

Thus, f(a) = f(b).

All the condition of Rolle’s Theorem are verified. So there exists at least a point C ε (-4, 1).

Such that: f’(C) =0.

18) Using simplex method, maximize P (x, y) = 15x+10y subject to 2x+y10, x+3y≤10, x, y≥0.

 Solution:

Maximize P (x, y) = 15x+10y

Subject to:

2x+y10

x+3y≤10

x, y≥0

Let S1 and S2 be two non-negative slack variables. Then, the standard form of the above LPP is:

2x+y+r =10

x+3y+s=10

-15x-10y+P=0

The initial simplex tableau for above LLP is

Basic Variable

x

y

r

s

p

Constant

r

2

1

1

0

0

10

s

1

3

0

1

0

10

 

-15

-10

0

0

1

0

In the initial Simplex tableau the most negative entry is -15 so the x-column is pivot column. Also, $\frac{10}{2}$=5 is the smallest positive value. Thus, r-row with element 2 on x column is the pivot element.

Dividing First Row by 2

Basic Variable

x

y

r

s

p

Constant

r

1

½

½

0

0

5

s

1

3

0

1

0

10

 

-15

-10

0

0

1

0

R2à R2-R1 and R3à R3+15R1

Basic Variable

x

y

r

s

p

Constant

r

1

½

½

0

0

5

s

0

$\frac{5}{2}$

1

0

5

 

0

-$\frac{5}{2}$

$\frac{15}{2}$

0

1

75

Here last row still has -ve entry. So y is pivot column and s-row is the pivot row with $\frac{5}{2}$ as pvot element.

R2à $\frac{2}{5}$R2

Basic Variable

x

y

r

s

p

Constant

r

1

½

½

0

0

5

s

0

1

-$\frac{1}{5}$

$\frac{2}{5}$

0

2

 

0

-$\frac{5}{2}$

$\frac{15}{2}$

0

1

75

Again, R3 à R3+$\frac{5}{2}$R2 and R1àR1- ½ R2

Basic Variable

x

y

r

s

p

Constant

r

1

½

$\frac{3}{5}$

-$\frac{1}{5}$

0

4

s

0

1

-$\frac{1}{5}$

$\frac{2}{5}$

0

2

 

0

0

7

1

1

80

Since there is no negative entry in last row. Thus Maximum Solution is obtained.

Pmax=80 at x=4 and y=2.

19) A particle is projected with a velocity ‘v’ and greatest height is ‘H’, prove the horizontal range R is: R = 4$\sqrt {H\left( {\frac{{{v^2}}}{{2g}} - H} \right)} $.

Solution:

Let β be angle of projection. Then,

$H = \frac{{{v^2}{{\sin }^2}\beta }}{{2g}}$

$R = \frac{{{v^2}\sin 2\beta }}{g}$

Now,

$\frac{{{v^2}}}{{2g}} - H$

=$\frac{{{v^2}}}{{2g}} - \frac{{{v^2}{{\sin }^2}\beta }}{{2g}}$

=$\frac{{{v^2}}}{{2g}}(1 - {\sin ^2}\beta )$

=$ \frac{{{v^2}}}{{2g}}{\cos ^2}\beta $

And,

R.H.S of Question:

4$\sqrt {H\left( {\frac{{{v^2}}}{{2g}} - H} \right)} $ = $ 4.\frac{{v\sin \beta .\cos \beta }}{{2g}}$

$4\sqrt {\frac{{{v^2}{{\sin }^2}\beta }}{{2g}}.\frac{{{v^2}}}{{2g}}{{\cos }^2}\beta } $

$4.\frac{{{v^2}\sin \beta .\cos \beta }}{{2g}}$

$\frac{{{v^2}.2\sin \beta .\cos \beta }}{g}$

$\frac{{{v^2}\sin 2\beta }}{g}$

=R

=L.H.S

OR

The cost function C(x) in thousands of rupees for producing x units of math’s textbooks is given by C(x)=30+20x-0.5x2 , 0x15.

a) Find the marginal cost of Function.

b) Find the marginal cost for producing 12000 math’s textbooks.

 Solution:

C(x)=30+20x-0.5x2, x, y≥0

(a) Marginal Cost of Function = C‘(x)=0+20-x

(b) Marginal cost = 20-x=20-12=Rs. 8 (in thousands)

Group C

20) a) Using matrix methods, solve the following system of linear equations: x+y+z = 4, 2x+y-3z = -9,2x-y+z = -1

b) Apply De-Moiver’s theorem to find the value of [2(𝑐𝑜𝑠15° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛15°)] 6

c) Prove that: $\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{1!}} + \frac{1}{{2!}} + \frac{1}{{3!}} + ...} \right)\left( {1 - \frac{1}{{1!}} + \frac{1}{{2!}} - \frac{1}{{3!}} + ...} \right) = 1$

 Solution:

(a)

(b) De Moiver’s Theorem states that, {r(cosθ+isinθ)}n=rn(cosnθ+isinnθ).

[2(𝑐𝑜𝑠15° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛15°)] 6 = 26 [cos90 + i sin90] = 64i

(c) We Know  ex=  $1 + \frac{x}{{1!}} + \frac{{{x^2}}}{{2!}} + \frac{{{x^3}}}{{3!}} + ...$

Put x = 1

e1=$1 + \frac{1}{{1!}} + \frac{1}{{2!}} + \frac{1}{{3!}} + ...$(i)

Put x = -1

e-1=$1 - \frac{1}{{1!}} + \frac{1}{{2!}} - \frac{1}{{3!}} + ...$(ii)

Taking LHS of Question:

$\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{1!}} + \frac{1}{{2!}} + \frac{1}{{3!}} + ...} \right)\left( {1 - \frac{1}{{1!}} + \frac{1}{{2!}} - \frac{1}{{3!}} + ...} \right)$

=e × e-

=1

=R.H.S

 

21) a) Find the direction cosines of the line joining the points (4,4,-10) and (-2,2,4).

b) Find the angle between the two diagonals of a cube.

c) Find the vertices of the conic section: 16(y-1)2 -9(x-5)2 = 144.

 Solution:

(a) Given Points: P(4,4,-10) and Q(-2,2,4)

Direction ratios of PQ = -2-4, 2-4, 4-(-10)=-6, -2, 14

PQ=$\sqrt {{{( - 6)}^2} + {{( - 2)}^2} + {{(14)}^2}} {\rm{  = 2}}\sqrt {59} $

Thus, Direction cosines are: $\frac{{ - 6}}{{{\rm{2}}\sqrt {59} }},\frac{{ - 2}}{{{\rm{2}}\sqrt {59} }},\frac{{14}}{{{\rm{2}}\sqrt {59} }}$

(b) Let OABCDEFG be a cube with vertices as below 

b) Find the angle between the two diagonals of a cube.

O(0,0,0),A(a,0,0),B(a,a,0),C(0,a,0),D(0,a,a),E(0,0,a),F(a,0,a),G(a,a,a)

There are four diagonals OG,CF,AD  and BE for the cube.

Let us consider any two say OG and AD

We know that if A(x1​,y1​,z1​) and B(x2​,y2​,z2​) are two points in space then

AB=(x2​−x1​)i+(y2​−y1​)j+(z2​−z1​)k

OG=(a−0)i+(a−0)j+(a−0)k=ai+aj+ak

and AD=(0−a)i+(a−0)j+(a−0)k=−ai+aj+ak.

Therefore $\overrightarrow {OG} $=$\sqrt {{a^2} + {a^2} + {a^2}}  = a\sqrt 3 $

And,

$ \overrightarrow {AD} $ = $\sqrt {{{( - a)}^2} + {a^2} + {a^2}}  = a\sqrt 3 $

$\overrightarrow {OG} .\overrightarrow {AD}  =  - {a^2} + {a^2} + {a^2} = {a^2}$

We know that angle between two vectors $ {\overrightarrow {OG} , \overrightarrow {AD} }$ is given by θ = $ {\cos ^{ - 1}}\frac{{\overrightarrow {OG} .\overrightarrow {AD} }}{{|\overrightarrow {OG} |.|\overrightarrow {AD} |}}$

=${\cos ^{ - 1}}\frac{{{a^2}}}{{a\sqrt 3 .a\sqrt 3 }}$

=${\cos ^{ - 1}}\frac{1}{3}$

Thus, angle between two vectors $ {\overrightarrow {OG} , \overrightarrow {AD} }$ is ${\cos ^{ - 1}}\frac{1}{3}$

(c) Given:

16(y-1)2 -9(x-5)2 = 144….(i)

Dividing Both Sides by 144.

$\frac{{{{\left( {y - 1} \right)}^2}}}{9} - \frac{{{{\left( {x - 5} \right)}^2}}}{{16}} = 1$

Comparing with $\frac{{{{\left( {y - h} \right)}^2}}}{{{a^2}}} - \frac{{{{\left( {x - k} \right)}^2}}}{{{b^2}}} = 1$

We Get:

h=1, k=5, a=3, b=4

Thus, Vertex = (h±a, k) = (1±3, 4) =(4,4) 0r (-2, 4)

22) a) If the limiting value of $\frac{{f(x) - 5}}{{x - 3}}$ at x= 3 is 2 by using L’ Hospital’ rule, find the appropriate value of f(x).

b) Write any one homogeneous differential equation in (x,y) and solve it.

c) The concept of anti-derivative is necessary for solving a differential equation. Justify this statement with example.

 Solution:

(a)$\begin{array}{l}\frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 3} f(x) - 5}}{{x - 3}} = 2\\or,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 3} f(x) - 5 = 2x - 6\\or,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 3} f(x) = 2x - 1\end{array}$

(b)  Homogenous differential Equation in (x,y) is $\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = \frac{y}{x} + 1$

Solving This Equation:

$\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = \frac{y}{x} + 1$

Put y =vx, then $\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = v + x\frac{{dv}}{{dx}}$

$\begin{array}{l}\frac{y}{x} + 1 = v + x\frac{{dv}}{{dx}}\\or,{\rm{ v + 1 = v + }}x\frac{{dv}}{{dx}}\\or,1 = x\frac{{dv}}{{dx}}\\or,\frac{{dx}}{x} = dv\end{array}$

Integrate both sides

v = log x + log c

or, v = log cx

Replacing v

$\frac{y}{x} = \log cx$

y = x log cx 

(c) The concept of anti-derivatives is necessary for solving differential equation. Let’s understand this statement through the following example:

Consider a differential Equation $\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = \frac{x}{y}$

i.e., y.dy = x.dx

Let’s integrate this on both sides:

$\int {y.dy{\rm{ }} = {\rm{ }}\int {x.dx} } $

$\frac{{{y^2}}}{2} = \frac{{{x^2}}}{2} + C$

Or, y2=x2+2C

i.e., y2=x2+C

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